ABOUT NOBEL PRIZE:

The Nobel prizes were established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a wealthy Swedish industrialist and the inventor of dynamite.

From around the globe added to the world's most elite roster of scientists, writers, economists and human rights leaders.

The prizes in medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and peace were established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a wealthy Swedish industrialist and the inventor of dynamite. The first awards were handed out in 1901, five years after Nobel's death.

Prize amount:

Each prize is worth 10 million kronor (nearly $900,000) and will be handed out with a diploma and gold medal on Dec. 10 -- the date of Nobel's death in 1896.

The economics award - officially known as the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel - wasn't created by Nobel, but by Sweden's central bank in 1968.

Between 1901 and 2021, the Nobel Prizes and the prize in economic sciences have been awarded 609 times.

The Nobel Peace Prize is presented in Norway while the other awards are handed out in Sweden.

 NOBEL PRIZES 2022 :   

The Nobel Committee announced the names of Nobel Laureates for this year 2022 .

According to a press release by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, awards the Nobel Prizes every year. In 2022, laureates will receive their Nobel Prize medals and diplomas in Stockholm in December, the organization said, and winners from the previous two years will also be invited.

Nobel committees in Sweden and Norway name laureates in a variety of prizes in the sciences, literature and economics, as well as peace work.

In total, six prizes are awarded, each recognizing an individual’s or organizations groundbreaking contribution in a specific field. Prizes are given for physiology or medicine, physics, chemistry, economic science, literature and peace work.

PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE:

Svante Pääbo was awarded the year’s first prize, for physiology or medicine. Dr. Pääbo, a Swedish geneticist, won “for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution’.

Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections.

He won for his work in retrieving genetic material from 40,000-year-old bones, producing a complete Neanderthal genome and initiating the field of ancient DNA studies.

PHYSICS:

The physics Prize this year is an award for for “experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.”

The prize for physics was shared by, Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, for their work in quantum technology.

The Nobel Committee announced the names of three physicists as Nobel Laureates for this year. They are Alain Aspect from the University of Paris-Saclay, France; John F. Clauser of John F Clauser  and Associates, California, USA; and Anton Zeilinger, University of Vienna, Austria.

Their experiments have “shaken the very foundation of how we interpret measurements,”

The work of the three laureates can help in developing quantum technologies of the future, for example, quantum cryptography, quantum computation and precise timekeeping as is done in atomic clocks

CHEMISTRY:

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 was awarded to Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless “for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry”.

Sharpless and Meldal have laid the foundation for a functional form of chemistry – click chemistry – in which molecular building blocks snap together quickly and efficiently. Bertozzi has taken click chemistry to a new dimension and started utilising it in living organisms.

LITERATURE:

The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2022 is awarded to the French author Annie Ernaux “for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory”.

In her writing, Ernaux consistently and from different angles, examines a life marked by strong disparities regarding gender, language and class. Her path to authorship was long and arduous.